P.A. Ambrosovich
Section 2.
In all the above presentation, it is necessary to highlight, perhaps, the main drawback – comparing the pronunciation of people in different villages and different areas, I did not take into account the Southern Great Russian dialect (now – the southern dialect of the Russian language), the peculiarities of this pronunciation. Therefore – the continuation follows.
But before following my own instruction – let’s summarize the above. No, dear reader, I am not repeating myself. See for yourself.
A more careful reading of the rough drafts found an obviously missing phrase in the text. In the Starodubsky district, Ukrainian families can be found in the village of Kurkovichi. And today (purely by logic), I will note: the assertion of researchers V.M. Pusya and V.M. Yeshchenko that “The dialects of the inhabitants of western Bryansk are a Little Russian language (Starodub dialect, etc.)” is absolutely unfounded – see the article “On the Little Russian Language of Starodubshchina” (pp. 186 – 189, especially p. 188) in the Collection: “Russian-Belarusian-Ukrainian Borderland…”, materials of the MNPC September 18 – 20, 2008, Bryansk, “Ladomir”, 2008. Where 15 “phonetic features” of the Belarusian language are presented as … Little Russian. We live well!
Two responses to the publication of Section 1 – from readers.
An anonymous reader (“Palivac”) from the village of Kazatskiye Bolsuny in the Vetkovsky district of Gomel region: “I think that the response options are not very accurately presented, because in the same Lopatni (Klintsy district, P.A.) they should both dzekat and tsekat, just like in Krasnaya Gora and in our Kazatskiye Bolsuny, which were part of the Popovogorsk volost and the Cossack Lopatensky… The soft “r” in our places (Bolsuny and Krasnogorsky district) is limited. The syllables “ri”, “re” are not characteristic for us. This means that we say: ryaka, dryoma, kruk, but – rechka, kryk.”
Ethnographer Viktor Titov: “In my opinion, we should not look for the origin of local Cossacks somewhere in the Don or, even more so, in the Urals (my conversation in the village of Denisovichy with Bespalov I.T. – P.A.). After the national uprising of 1831, the tsarist government, by special order (“review of the nobility”), revised the personal (genealogical) files of the rebellious nobility. Many representatives of the minor nobility were deprived of their noble status and enrolled in the ranks of Cossacks and one-dwors. The number of local noble estates decreased almost by half.” It should be noted that here dear Viktor Stefanovich has mixed something up. 1. December 2012. Local local historian from the same Zlynkovsky district Anatoly Poddubny: “In the village of Denisovichy, a street called Cossacks appeared after the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Either as a reward, or for some other reason, land was given here to the Cossacks who arrived from the Dnieper region. At first, they lived separately, the street Cossacks gradually grew and became almost an autonomous structure, there a separate school was built before the revolution of 1917.” 2. January 2013. See the map of the uprising of 1830 – 31 in Lithuania and Belarus (magazine “Our Land”, No. 10 – 1929, Minsk, between pages 32 and 33; for some reason, there are no later editions – P.A.). The detachments of Kanevich – not east of Mozyr and the detachments of Legenza – not east of Brahin. 3. January 2013. Historian of Gomel State University Valentina Lebedeva: the uprising of 1830 – 31 did not extend east of Gomel and Rechitsa.
More minor remarks. Archaeologist Oleg Makushnikov (Gomel): “The western outskirts of Bryansk are still populated by genetic descendants of Belarusians (mostly), as well as, of course, Great Russians and Ukrainians (both the former and the latter – to a lesser extent).” Researcher Sergey Ostanovich (Krichiev, Mogilev region): “This year I was there (in Western Bryansk, P.A.) on private matters, the population is visibly Belarusian – to understand this, one must turn to someone local of older age.” Internet user Dmitry Konoplyannikov: “From folklore sources about this territory, one can fully trust the Belarusian collections of E. Romanov.”
From private correspondence with local historian Anatoly Poddubny (on the toponymy of Western Bryansk):
- all Bryansk hydronyms, all of them, are repeated in the basin of the Vistula, in Vitebsk region, especially in Volhynia … Vitebsk and Vytibety;
- Korchi (Novozybkovsky district, P.A.). This is an incomplete vowel form, and the full vowel form is Koróchi. Koróch (korch, korchi) – this is a swampy area overgrown with shrubs, sedge, reeds, willow, and a large amount of vine, willow, and alder;
- Vytibety. “Vyt” or “vit”, “vet”, “vet”, “vyat” – “wet place”, “moist place”, “marsh”… From Ugro-Finnish tribes…;
- Khoromnoe (Klimovsky district, aut) – means “settlement from khoroni”, Slavic form of Ugro-Finnish “khor” – “swampy marsh”;
- Ponurovka. “Nur” – “muddy swamp”, “nurov” – “muddy area”. A similar area – Ponyri (on the “Kursk Bulge”).
How to “scatter” all this across ethnic quarters (the expression of A. Poddubny)? “In ancient times, our region did not know a common term for “swamp”, there were only specific terms, refined. Just like the Eskimos have 250 words denoting the concept of “snow” depending on its characteristics.” Further: - in the village of Zamishye near Novozybkov, the swamp is called “tvan” (a word from the Belarusian lexicon, P.A.);
- the village of Manyuki (Novozybkovsky district, P.A.). The river there is Manyukovka or Manyuki. Here the fish “nalim” – locally “mnyuk”.
Reader, are you not tired – am I giving you too much food for thought? For more on the large Belarusian-Finnish lexical parallels, read the publications of Belarusian writer in Yakutia Ivan Laskov. I myself am not an etymologist, but for example, several years ago I had to describe to local local historians in Klintsy the Baltic origin of the name of their lake and microdistrict – Stadol (see the maps of the settlement of the Balts in the 1st millennium).
Pyotr Ambrosovich
Now, we will proceed to familiarize ourselves with the Southern Great Russian dialect – based on the program announced at the very beginning of Section 1 of the MDK on these dialects (Warsaw, 1910). Here I will have to present this program for you. Simplifying it a little according to my understanding of its essence. The numbering of the points of the questionnaire will have to be given in Latin numerals – to avoid confusion in all the material of the research of 2012 – 13. We will then significantly shorten the full analogy with the program of 1910 (a very cumbersome questionnaire for surveys) – P.A. But for now, all 43 points, excuse me.
I. The exact name of the locality. As before, they are all easily found on 2-km maps of the studied regions.
II. The sound in the syllable immediately before the stress.
V(a, y, o, y-a)da. Voda; voda. V(o, a)da – 1. V(o, y)da -3. S(a, y, o, y-a)ma. S(a)ma; sama.
D(a, y, o, y-a)vat. Davaty; davat.
D(a, y, o, y-a)rit. Daryty, daruvaty; daryt.
Kh(a, y, o, y-a)dit. Khodyty; hadzity. Kh(o, a)dit – 1.
T(a, y, o, y-a)por. Topir, sokera; syakera, tapor. T(o, a)por – 1.
Top(a, y, o, y-a)ry. Topirci, sokiry; syakery, tapary.
Kl(a, y, o, y-a)du. Kladu; kladu.
(Many) g(a, y)lov. (Bahato) holiv; (shmat, mnoga) haloв.
Sk(a, y)rey. Shvydshe, skoryshe; khutchey, skarey.
Tr(o, y)va. Trava; trava.
D(o, y)vay. Davay; davay.
The unnamed other pronunciation options here will serve as curiosities for the residents of Western Bryansk. But I did not strive to maintain this principle everywhere – let dialectologists on the southern great Russian dialect correct me. Is it necessary to stretch my presentation for long? At the same time, let us not forget the lexical analogies with Ukraine and Belarus.
III. The first syllable of words.
B(a, o, y)roda. Boroda; barada.
P(a, o, y)lozhit. Poklasty; paklasty.
P(a, o, y)skorey. Poshvydshe, shvydshe; trohi khutchey.
N(a, o, y)rubit. Narubaty; nasyachy, nasekchy.
P(a, o, y)hubit. Pahubity; zahubity.
P(a, o, y)lyubit. Pokohaty; palyubit, pakahaty.
Z(a, o, y)teriat. Zahubity; zhubity.
N(a, o, y)pisat. Napisat; napisać.
IV. Sounds after the stress: not in the final syllable.
Bór(a, o, y)dy. Bórody; baródy.
Iz gor(a, o, y)da. Z mista; z goradu.
Et(a, o, y)va (dnya). Ts’ogo (dnya); hetaha (dnya).
Dur(a, o, y)chka. Durnenka; durnushka, durnéńkaya.
Pal(a, o, y)chki. Palochki; palachki.
Et(a, o, y)t (dom). Ts’y (budynok); hetaya, heta (khata).
Hol(a, o, y)s. Holos, holos; holas, holas.
Dum(a, o, y)ty. Dumaty; dumaty.
Vol(a, o, y)st. Volost; volas’ty.
V. The initial syllable of the word.
(A, O, U)hurtsy. Ohirki; ahurki.
(A, O, U)topri. Vidchyny; adamkni, adchyny.
(A, O, U)gorod(t). Gorod; aharod.
(A, O, I)na Vona; yana.
(A, O, I)pyat. Znovu; iznoв.
(A, O, I)gon. Vohon; ahon.
(A, O, I)dnomu. Odnomu; adnamu.
(A, O, I)teц. Bateko, tato; bat’ka. See also XXX. See also XXXIV.
(A, O, I)tnyal. Vidnyav; adnyaw; adabraw.
VI. In the syllable before the stress.
V(ya, e, i)du (korovu). Vedu (korovu); vyadu (karovu).
V p(ya, e, i)sku. V pisku; u pyasku.
L(ya, e, i)gushka. Zhaba; zhabka.
Net b(ya, e, i)dy. Nemae bidy; nema byady.
S(ya, e, i)lo. Selo; syalo. See also 2.
P(ya, e, i)sok. Pisok; pyasok. See also 22.
Pon(ya, e, i)su (obed). Vidnesu (obid); panyasu (abed).
Napr(ya, e, i)duty (pryazhu). Napryaduty (pryazhu, pryadivo, pryadinne); napraduty (prazhu).
Zav(ya, e, i)rnut: [khleb, vpravo, shurup, podol]. 1) Zagornuty, 2) zvernuty, 3) vkruity, 4) pidtyknuty; 1) zagarut’, zavinut’, 2) zavyarnut’,
3) zakrutit’, 4) zagnut’, zakasat’.
N(ya, e, i)si. nesi; nyasi.
(U) des(ya, e, i)ti (U) desyaty; (u) desyati. See VII.
V(ya, e, i)deть (korovu), v(ya)dyot. Vedé (korovu); vyadze (karovu), vyadit. See also XVII, see also XVIII.
Gl(ya, e, i)dyet. Dyvytyasya; hlyadzyet.
V gн(ya, e, i)zde. V gnyzdi; u gnyazdze.
(Skazaty) s(ya, e, i)stre. Skazaty s’estri; skazaty syastrі.
T(ya, e, i)mnity. Temnity; t’amnity.
Z(ya, e, ?)lёny. Zelény; zialony.
Sm(ya, e, i)utsya. Smiyut’sya; smyatsya.
Zabl(ya, e, i)stel. Zablestiv; zabliszczev.
V(ya, e, i)la (korovu). Vela (korovu); vyala (karovu).
N(ya, e, i)slа. Niesla; nyasla.
R(ya, e, i)ka. Rika; rika. See also 22. See also XXXVI.
P(ya, e, i)tak. P ‘ yatak; pyatak.
Pl(ya, e, i)sala. Tantsyvala; skakala.
(Ona) ch(а, e, i)rna. Vona chorna; yana chornaya.
Zal(ya, e, i)zat. Zalayzyty; zalazaty.
Pr(ya, e, i)snala. Prynesla; prynesla.
Vys(ya, e, i)vat. Vysivaty; vyshyvat.
Vyg(ya, e, i)bat. Vygrybaty; vygrabaty.
M(ya, e, i)nyat. Menyaty; myanyat.
Pot(ya, e, i)ryat: [koshelyok, dorogogo cheloveka]. 1) Zagubity, 2) stratyty, utryaty; 1) zhubity, 2) straty.
Sm(ya, e, i)atsya. S’myatsya; smyatsya.
Z(ya, e, i)mlya. Ziemlya; zyamlya.
Pronunciation after “ts” and hissing sounds.
Ts(a, y)rya. Tsarya; tsara. See also 21. See also XXXVI.
Ts(a, y)luyu. Tsiluyu; tsaluyu.
Ts(a, y)nit. Tsinuvaty; tsanity.
Prots(a, y)dil. Protsidiv; protsadziw.
Zh(a, y)lanny. Bazhany; zhadyany.
Zh(a, y)ludok. Shlunok; stravnik, zhaludak.
(V) zh(a, y)ru. V spéku; u spёku.
Sh(a, y)stoy. Shosty; shosty.
Sh(a, y)gat. Krokavaty; krochyt. See also XXI.
Vch(a, i)raś. Vchora; uchora.
Poch(а, i)rpnuts. Zachyrpnuty; zatchyrpats, pachyrpnuts.
Zh(a, y)let. Zhality; zhalet.
(Ty) sh(a, y)lish. (Ty) baluvaty; (ty) dureesh, svavolish.
Shch(a, i, y)stlivy. Shchasyvy; shchasyly. See also XXVI.
Ushch(a, i, y)mit: [zazhat, ogranicit]. 1) Zashchipyty, 2) urazity; 1) ushchamity, 2) abmezhavaty.
Pronunciation before hissing sounds and before “ts” in unstressed syllables.
P(ya, i)shkom. Pishki; pekhatoy, peshshu.
Ber(ya, i)zhok. Berizhok; berazhok.
D(ya, i)shovy. Dyeshevy; tanny, dyashovy.
P(ya, i)chat. Pechatka; pyachatka.
U(ya, i)zhzhat. Vyizdzhaty; vyizdzhat, ad’yazhdzhat.
V p(ya, ?)chi. V pechi; u pyachi.
VII. The sound in syllables: the second and third from the stress to the beginning of the word.
(I, YA)ravoy. Yarovyy; yaravy.
T(i, ya)snota. Tysnota; tesnata.
P(i, ya)tachok. P’yatachok; pyatachok.
T(i, ya)plata. Teplyota, teplin; teplota, teplinya.
(Listen) p(i, ya)tuha. (Listen) pivnya; (listen) pevnaya.
(On) ch(i, a)tyryok. (On) chotyr’ok; (on) chotyrohk.
Pl(i, ya)sun. Tantsyuristy; tantsory.
D(i, ya)revushka. Selo, khutir; vyasachka.
D(i, ya)syati. Desyaty; dzesyati. See VI.
V(i, ya)selо. Vesele; vesela. See VIII.
(Ya) b(i, ya)regu. (Ya) berezhu; (ya) berahu, shanuyu.
(On) s(i, ya)merykh. (On) semero; (on) semyro.
V(i, ya)lika (radost). Velyka (radost); vyalika (radost).
Zh(i, a)nikhi. Narécheni; zhanikhi.
Pr(i, ya)mikoм. Navproste; naprashtki, natyanki.
VIII. After the stress: not in the last syllable.
(U) oz(i, ya, ya-i)ra. (Bilya) ozera; (u) vozera.
(Mne) ves(i, ya, ya-i)la. (Meni) veselo; (mne) vesela. See VII.
(From) pogr(i, ya, ya-i)ba. (From) pogriba; (sa) sklepa.
Mam(i, ya, ya-i)nkа. Matusya, (rezh) – mamochka, mamul’ka (sovr.); mamachka, mamulka, matulka.
Vid(i, ya, ya-i)la. Baczila; baczila.
Se(i, ya, ya-i)la. Siaila; seila.
Po-prezhni(i, ya, ya-i)mu. Po-starymu, yak zavždy; pa-raneishamu, yak i raneishamu.
Vyn(i, ya, ya-i)su (musor). Vyneshu (smittya); vynesu (smettye).
Vyv(i, ya, ya-i)di. Vydoy; vyvody.
Po(m(i, ya, ya-i)rli. Pomyrly, povmyraly; pameryli.
Os(i, ya, ya-i)n’yu. Voseny; vosen’yu.
The sound after the stress: in the last syllable. Before a consonant or before “y”.
Po(m(i, ya, ya-i)r. Vmer, pomer; pamyor.
(Little) den(i, ya, ya-i)g. (Little) hroshey; (little) hroshey.
Vet(i, ya, ya-i)r. Viter; veter.
(Some) kope(i, ya, ya-i)k. (Dekiльka) kopiyok; (nekal’ki) kapeyek.
Yastr(i, ya, ya-i)b. Yastrab, kibets; yastrab.
Vid(i, ya, ya-i)l. Bacziv; bachy.
Vyl(i, ya, ya-i)z. Vyliz; vylez.
Pal(i, ya, ya-i)c. Palets; palets.
Za(i, ya, ya-i)c. Zayets, tochnye – zayets; zayats.
Os(i, ya, ya-i)n’. Osin; vosen. See also X.
Kor(i, ya, ya-i)n’. Korin; koran’.
Vyp(i, ya, ya-i)j (sok). Vypiy (soku); vypi (soku).
After the stress: at the end of the word.
U(y)ti v pol(i, ya-i). Vyyty v pole; paysti w pole. See also X.
Nochevat v pol(i, ya-i). Nochevaty v pole; nachavaty u poli.
U(y)ti v mor(i, ya-i). Vyyty v more; paysti w mora.
Dait(i, ya, ya-i). Daité; daite.
Idit(i, ya, ya-i). Ydit, idit; idzite (idiцe).
Vidit(i, ya, ya-i). Bachyty; bachyte.
Znaet(i, ya-i). Znaet(e) (znaєt(e)); vedayete.
Taper(i, ya, ya-i). Taper; typer. See also 13.
Chyot(i, ya, ya-i). Chotyry; chatyry. See also 10.
Oni obo(i, ya, ya-i). Vony obydva, oboye (m+zh); yany abodva, aboye (m+zh).
Dvo(i, ya, ya-i). Dvoye (dvoє); dvoye.
Tro(i, ya, ya-i). Troye (troє); troe.
Bud(i, ya, ya-i) (gost). Budé (gisty); budze (gost).
On khod(i, ya, ya-i). Vin khodit; yon khodzits. See also 8. See also XVII. See also XLI.
Na dorog(i, ya, ya-i). Na dorozі; na daroze.
(Ves) v rabot(i, ya, ya-i). (Ves) u praci; (u ves) u rabote.
(Byt) u khat(i, ya, ya-i). (Byty) u khati; (byty) u khate.
V gorod(i, ya, ya-i). V misti; u goradze. See also X.
Vmest(i, ya, ya-i). Razom; razam. See also X.
Na bazar(i, ya, ya-i). Na rinku, na bazari; na rynku, na kirmaшy.
“Ya – I” depending on the position of the stress in the word:
Idit(i, ya). Йдить; идзіце.
Vid(i, ya). Bachity; bachyte.
V gorod(i, ya). V misti; u goradze.
V khat(i, ya). V khati; u khate.
IX. In unstressed syllables “o” or “u” in place of “a” or “o”.
Po(n)(o, U)su. Po nosi; pa nose.
U p(o, U)pa. U popa; u papa.
(Vzyat) l(o, U)patu. (Vzyaty) lopatu; (uzyat) rydlёwku, lapatu.
P(o, U)pal. Popav; trapiv.
P(o, U)pravili. Vypravily; papravili.
Zab(a, U)vlyaetsya. Zabivlyaetstsa; zabavlyaetstsa.
M(o, U)zali. Mozoli; mazali.
P(o, U)tam. Tamu; tamu.
P(o, U)magai. Dopomozhy; dapamozhy.
P(o, U)smatrju. Dyylyus(ya); paghlyadzu.
K(o, U)mari. Komary; kamary.
S(a, U)pagi. Choboty, sapogi; boty.
K(a, U)ragod. Khorovod, kolo; karagod. See XIV.
Ruk(a, U)va. Rukava; rukavy. See also 29. See also XL.
K(O, a)bak. Shynok, karchma, restoratsiya; shynok, karchma.
Tr(O, a)va. Trava; trava. See also II.
Dear reader, you have probably long noticed: for better understanding of the meaning of the words in the questionnaire, they are recorded with approximation to the rules of grammar. The pronunciation options can be seen in the surveys.
The endings “-uy”, “-uyu” instead of “-oy”, “-oyu”.
(S) tёtk(oy, uy). (Z) titkoyu; (z) tёtkay.
(S) palk(oy, uy). (Z) palkoyu; (z) palkay.
(S) nevеst(oy, uy). (Z) narychenoyu; (z) nyavestay, narachonay.
(Pered) dorоg(oy, uy). (Pered) darogoyu; (pered) darogay.
(Za) bel(oy, uy) (berёzoy). (Za) biloyu (bёrezoyu); (za) belay (byarozay).
(Pod) osin(oy, uy). (Pid) osinoyu; (pad) asinay.
(So svoey) sobak(oy, uy). (Z iz svaye) sabakoyu; (sa svaye) sabakay.
X. The pronunciation “u” instead of “v”. At the beginning of the word.
(32). (U, V)zduмал. Nadumal; uzdumaw.
(U, V)skhodit [podnimat’sya, # ozimym]. 1) Pidimaty, 2) vz’yty; 1) uzyskhodit, 2) uskhodit.
(U, V)drug. Nenaroсkom; rapotam.
(U, V)meste. Razom; razam. See also VIII.
(U, V)rozy. Porizno; u roznyya baki, paasobku.
(U, V)stal (s krovaty). Pidnyavsya (z ližka); padnyaw (z lozhku).
(U, V)dova. Vdova; udava. See 6.
(U, V)nuк. Onuk; unuk. See 6.
(U, V)vsyo. Vse; usyo.
The same, instead of the preposition “v”.
(U, V) vode. U vodі; u vадze.
(U, V) gorode. U misti; u goradze. See also VIII.
Poyti (u, v) pole. Vyyty v polе; paysti w pole. See also VIII.
The use of “u” short (in our “w”). In the middle of the word before consonants.
De(v, w)ka. Divka; dzewka (deўka, ðeўka). See 6. See also 16.
Tra(v, w)ka. Travka; traўka.
Pra(v, w)da. Pravda; praўda. See also 27. See also XXXVI.
O(v, w)sa. Ovesu, vivsa; awsu.
O(v, w)tsy. Vivci; avechki.
(On) usta(v, w)shi. (Vin) vtomleny; (yon) stomleny.
Goto(v, w)ly [lyzhi, kushat] 1) Gotovly (lyzhi), 2) prigotovly [ïsty]; 1) ryhtuy (lyzhi), 2) hatuy (yesty).
Posta(v, w)ly. Postavly; pastaўly.
Lo(v, w)ly. Lovly; laўly.
The same, at the end of the word.
Godo(v, w). Roki; gadoў.
Koro(v, w). Koryv; karоw.
Goto(v, w). Gotovyy; gadoў.
Posta(vь, w) (stul). Postav (stulec); pastaў (kresla).
Kro(vь, w). Krov; kroў. See 6. See also 9. See also XXIX.
Lyubo(vь, w). Lyubov; lyuboў. See 9. See XXIX.
(On) krasiv(v, w). Vin krasivyy; yon pryhozhy.
The same, in the middle of the word between vowels.
Go(v, w)oriшь. Kazesh; kazash, havorysh. ~31. ~XLII.
Za(v, w)od. Zavod; zavod.
The pronunciation “s” instead of “ts”.
Yay(c, s)o. Yaycэ; yayka. See XXIV.
Kuri(c, s)a. Kurka; kurytsa. See XXIV.
Na u(l)(c, s)ы. Na vuliци; na vuliцы.
(Ts, S)ar’. Tsar; tsar. Mentioned in 10. See XXIII.
(Ts, S)erkov’. Tserkva; tsarkva. Mentioned in 10. See XXIII. See XXIV.
Ser(c, s)э. Serce; serca. See 25. See XXX.
The pronunciation of “s”, “z” instead of “sh”, “zh”? For identification as a result of the survey.
The hard and soft labial consonants.
Kro(vь, fь, vь, fь). Krov; kroў. See 6, see 9, see X.
Lyubo(vь, fь, vь, fь). Lyubov; lyuboў. See 9, see X.
Zhura(vь, fь, vь, fь). Zhuravel; zhuraў, zhoraў.
Sem(ь, ъ). Sim; sem. See 9.
Golu(pь, pъ). Golub; golup, halub.
Syp(ь, ъ). Syp; syp.
Tsep(ь, ъ). Tsep; tsep.
Also:
Sem(ь, ъ)yu. Sem’yu; syam’yu.
Ub(ь, ъ)yu. Ub’y; zab’y.
Vorob(ь, ъ)ёm. Vorobtsom; verab’yem.
V(ь, ъ)ugа. Zametil; zavirukha, zaveya, veva.
P(ь, ъ)et. P’yet; pyet.
P(ь, ъ)yan. P’yany; p’yany.
V(ь, ъ)ekhal. V’yikhal; zayekhaw, uekhaw.
V(i, y)nul. Vyniyav; vynya.
V(i, y)khod. Vykhid; vykhad.
M(i, y)lo. Mylo; myla.
XXX. Hard and soft consonants.
Ot(e, e)ts. Bat’ko; bat’ka. See also V. See also XXXIV.
D(e, e)nhgi. Hroshi; hroshi. See 13. See XX.
D(e, e)revo. Derevo; dreva. See 13.
T(i, y)kho. Tykho; tykha. See 13. See 19. See XXXIV.
Kart(i, y)na. Kartina; kartina. See 24.
Uzd(e, e)chka. Vuzdechka; abrot’. See 25.
Gospod(i, y)n. Gospodar; pan, spadar. See 13.
S(e, e)rce. Sierce; serca. See 25. See XXVII.
S(i, y)zy. Syzy; shyzy.
Spas(e, e)ny. Spasinnya; ratavanny, ratunak.
V(e, e)rnо. Virno; verna. See 25.
Um(e, e)rli. Pomyrli; pameryli. See 25.
V(i, y)no. Vyno; vyno. See 24.
P(i, y)vo. Pyvo; pyva. See 24.
XXXI. Is there a special melodiousness in the pronunciation, a habit of stretching the final syllable, etc.? For identification as a result of the survey.
XXXII. The pronunciation of cases of personal and reflexive pronouns.
(d4). Men(e, ya) – (uvideli). Mene (pobachyly); myane (wbachyli). See also 26.
Teb(e, ya) – (vstretili). Tebe (zustrily); tabye (sutreli).
Seb(e, ya) – (poradoval). Sebe (obradoval); syabe (patyshyw).
M(ъ, e)ne – (prinesli). Mni (prynesly); mne (prynesli).
T(e, a)be – (podarili). Tobi (podarovaly); tabye (padaravali).
S(e, a)be – (vzyal). Sobi (vzyal); sabye (wzyaw).
T(i, a)e – (vospominaniya). Ti (spogady); tiya (wspamy). See also XVI.
S(i, a)e – (materialy). Tsi (materialy); hetye (matar’aly).
XXXIII. The pronunciation of verbs.
1st person singular indicative mood.
Lyublyu – lyubyu. Lyublyu; lyublyu.
Kormlyu – kormyu. Kormlyu; karmlyu.
Splyu – spyu. Splyu; splyu.
Proshu – prosyu. Proshu; prashu.
Prokachu – prokatyu. Prokatayu; prakachu.
Kolotyu – kolotyu. Koloyu; kalachu.
Pushchu – pustyu. Pushchu; pushchu. See also XXV. See also XXVI.
Vozhu – vodyu. Vozhu; vazhu.
Yezhu – ezdю. Yizdzhy (ïzdy); ezdzhy, ezhzhy. See also XXV. See also XXVI.
2nd and 3rd person singular and 1st and 2nd person plural.
Pe(che, ke)sh. Pechesh; pyaches.
Te(che, ke)ty. Teche; tyache.
Zh(ze, ge)ty. Peche; pyache.
Mo(je, gi)sh. Možesh; možash.
Lya(je, gi)sh. Lyazesh; lyazash.
Berye(je, ge)sh. Beryesh; berazhesh.
T(ch, k)et {ta(ch, k)et}. Tchet; tchet.
Other pronunciation options may be possible.
XXXIV. Dzекание and цекание.
(35). (D, Dz)е(t, ц)i. Dity; dzeti (deцi).
(T, Ц)ихо. Tykho; tykha. See XXX. See 19. See 13.
(T, Ц)ёмно. Temno; tyomna.
O(t, ц)ец. Bat’ko; bat’ka. See V. See XXX.
Poy(d, dz)ем. Pidemo; poydzem.
(D, Dz)ень. Den’; dzen’.
O(d, dz)ин. Ody; adzin.
Ho(d, dz)i. Khody; hadzi.
XXXV. Doubling of consonants.
(*17). Su(dь, dьd)я. Sud’ya; sud’dya. See 17.
Pla(tь, tьt)(e, я). Plattya; sukenka.
Svi(nь, nn)я. Svinya; syviny. See 17.
Be(lь, ll)ё. Bilyzna; byalizna. See 17.
XXXVI. Hard “r” instead of soft and vice versa.
Ku(ryu, ru). Palyu; kuru. See 21.
Ts(arya, ra). Tsarya; tsara. See 21, see VI.
G(rya, ra)зь. Gryaz’, bagnyuka; graz’, brud. See 21.
P(rya, ra)nik. a) Pechivo, b) rubel’; a) pernik, b) rubel’. See 27.
Se(re, ra)bro. Srebро; srebra.
(Re, Ra)ka. Rika; raka. R(e, i, a)ka – 22. See VI.
P(rya, ra)mo. Pramo; prosta. See 27.
Gor(e, ra). Gore; gora.
Otherwise:
P(ra, rя)вда. Pravda; praўda. See 27. See X.
G(ra, rя)ница. Kordon, mэzha; myazha. See 27.
K(ra, rя)сивый. Krasivyy; pryhozhy.
Sta(ra, rя)цца. Staratstsa, upadaty; staratstsa, shchyravats, rupitsca (rarely). See 27.
Topo(ro, rё)m. Topirом, sokirою; syakeraй, taparом. See 27.
(Ry, Ri)ba. Ryba; ryba. See 28.
XXXVII. Do they say:
M(oet, ыить, эить). Myye; myye.
Kr(oют, ыют, эють). Kryyut; kryyut. See 28.
Sh(e, i)я. Shyya; shyya. See 18.
Pom(o, ы)йки. Smitnyki; smetniki, pamyytny.
XXXVIII. Do they say:
(36). Zl(o, ы)й. Zly; zly. See XXXIX.
Khud(о, ы)й. Khudy; khudy. See 18 , XXXIX.
Hadk(и, а, ?)й. Brydki; brydki, agidny, paskudny (colloquial).
Sladk(и, а, ?)й. Solodky; salodki.
XXXIX. Do they say:
Instead of “that” – “tey”. That; that.
Instead of “one” – “adnaye”. One (one) ; one (one).
“Evil” – “Zlэй”. Zly; zly. See XXXVIII.
“Such” – “Takэй”. Takyy; taki.
“Thin” – “Khudэй”. Khudy; khudy. See XXXVIII.
“Here” (road) – “Te” (road). Here (road), that (path); that (road).
“One” (hand) – “adnaye” (hand). One (hand); one (hand).
“Evil” – “Zlэi”. Zli; zly.
“Thin” – “Khudэi”. Khudi; khudы.
“Young” – “Maladэi”. Young; young.
(Many) “evil” – (Many) “zlekh”. (Many) evil; (many) evil.
(In) “thin” – (In) “khudэkh”. (In) thin; (in) thin.
XL. Do they say:
(*29). Instead of “forest” – “lyasy”. Lisy; lyasy. See 29.
Instead of “house” – “damy”. Buildings, houses; houses. See 29.
Glaz(a, ы). Ochi; vochy.
Gorod(a, ы). Mista; harady. See 29.
Rukav(a, ы). Rukavy; rukavy. See 29. See IX.
Is the nominative plural ending in “-a” from masculine nouns used or not?
XLI. Is there a hard (“Moscow”) pronunciation in the endings of the 3rd person verbs:
(*30). Idё(т, ть). Idé; idze. See 30. See XVII.
Khodi(т, ть). Khodyt; khodzits. See 8. See VIII. See XVII.
Nesu(т, ть). Nésut; nyasuts. See 30. See XVII.
Sidy(т, ть). Sídят; syadzyat. See 30.
XLII. The placement of stresses in words.
(*31). Tucha. Khmara; khmara.
Pashnya. Oranka; ralylya.
Ruku. Rúku; rukú. See 31.
Nogu. Nógu; nahú. See 31.
Na zemyu. Na zэ́mlyu; na zyamlyú. See 31.
Pod goru. Pid góru; pad garú. See 31.
Na goru. Na góru; na garú.
Gustoy. Gustyy; gustyy.
Prostoy. Prosty; prósty. See 31.
Tolsty. Tovsty; tawsty.
Varish. Varysh; varysh.
Valim (les). Valim (lis); valim (les).
Zanyal. Zanyal; zanyaw. See 31.
Prinyal. Prinyal; prynyáw. See 31.
Bylo. Bulо́; byló. See 31.
(Ona) spala. (Vona) spála; (yana) spála. See 31.
Vymoesh. Вы́моеш (vymyєsh); výmyesh.
(Ty) govorish. (Ty) kázhesh; (ty) kázhash. See 31. ~X.
XLIII. In addition.
The use of adverbs, conjunctions, and introductory words.
Dobre. Dobre, horazd; dobra.
Duzhe. Duzhe; duzha.
Boloze {means: good, well}. - ; balaze, dobra.
Kayo. Yake; yakae.
Taye. Te, to, ta; toye, taya.
Ti. Chi; ti.
Chi. Chi; ti.
Do they not say:
“Chelek” – instead of “chelovek”. Lyudyna; chalyek.
“Zhito” – instead of “rozh”. Zhyto; zhyta.
“Svyakry”, “svyakrovya” – besides the term “svyekrov”. Svyakrukha; syvyákrova.
“Viski” – instead of “volosy”. Volossya; valasy.
“Kochet” – besides “petukh”. Kogut (zap.-ukr.), piven; piven.
“Rogach”, “emki” – instead of “ukhvat”. Rogach; vilki, yamkach (rare).
“Skorodit” – instead of “boronovat”. Boranovaty, skorodity; skaradzit (rare).
Here we have familiarized ourselves with all 43 points of the questionnaire. You may be surprised that my concluding words will be minimal.
The material presented will be suitable to a significant extent for analyzing the language situation in Belarusian Smolensk region. When for two generations (from 1914 to 1964) the northeastern group of Belarusian dialects “miraculously transformed” into the western group of the southern dialect of the Russian language …
In Western Bryansk, I leave it to the reader to figure out for themselves which language predominates here, as there is “plenty of food for thought” provided. I myself also visited Gomel in January. And now I can name the author of the study on Belarusian education, schools in Western Bryansk. Read historian Alla Zelenkova; there are other authors as well. Publications such as the article by V.M. Pusya and V.M. Yeshchenko (mentioned at the very beginning of Section 2) will remain gathering dust in the remote corners of libraries.
Regarding the similarity of the Belarusian language and the Southern Great Russian dialect (I am guided by “my” questionnaires, P.A.), I will note the following:
a) the pronunciation at the beginning of the word “u” instead of “v” [p. X (32)];
b) the pronunciation of “u” short (“ў”) in the middle of the word before consonants; the same at the end of the word [there];
c) the pronunciation of “u” short instead of “l” – partially [there];
d) the prefix “v” at the beginning of the word and the inserted “v” in the middle of the word [there];
e) the use of the phoneme “ha” (“h”), the same in the Ukrainian language [p. XII (33)];
f) the pronunciation of “kh” in the endings of words instead of “g” [p. XIII (34)], the same in Ukrainian;
g) the pronunciation of “kh”, “khv” instead of “f”, this can also be found among Ukrainians [p. XV (*23)];
h) the use of similar pronouns of the 3rd person [p. XVI (d1)];
i) the coincidence of many forms of the 3rd person of the indicative mood [p. XVII (d2)], the same in Ukrainian;
j) the use of “yo” or “e” depending on the person of the verbs [p. XVIII (d3)];
k) the pronunciation of cases of personal and reflexive pronouns [p. XXXII (d4)];
l) the doubling of consonants [p. XXXV (*17)], the same in Ukrainian;
m) the soft pronunciation in the endings of the 3rd person of verbs [p. XLI (*30)], the same in Ukrainian.
If there are corrections and comments for the author – I am ready to familiarize myself with them.
Saint Petersburg. February – March 2013.